8
THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE
1)
What were the demands put forward by the
moderates to the British?
The
first twenty years of the congress is called moderate age. The moderates
trusted the British administration and their fairness. They placed their requests
before the government within the constitutional framework. The demands related
to development of industries, reduction of military expenditure, improvement in
education, developing agriculture, more representation to Indians in government
and civil services etc.
2)
Explain the role of moderates in the
freedom struggle/
The
first phase of freedom struggle from 1885 to 1905 is known as the moderate
period. The moderate leaders believed in constitutional methods and had faith
in the fair sense of the British Government. The moderates taught people about
the political situation. They conducted meeting discussed problem and placed
before the Government various requests related to development of industries.
Reduction of military expenses, improvement in educational standards, forcing
in British Government to take up studies about poverty in the country etc. for
the first time, the moderates critically analysed the ill-effects of the
British rule in India. They placed before the people facts and figures about
the drain of Indian wealth into England.
3)
How did Dada Bhai Naoroji expose the
economic exploitation of the Indian by the British?
Dadabhai
Naoroji created an awakening in the minds of the people by explaining how the
British rule alone was responsible for the poverty of India. He put forward the
‘Drain Theory’ to show how the British drained the country of its wealth. He
maintained the encouraging imports and reducing exports created a situation unfavorable
to India leading to drain of wealth. Further, India had to bear the burden of
paying wages, pension and administrative expense of British officials. Due to
this a lot of wealth was flowing into England.
4)
Explain the role of Balgangadhar Tilak in
the freedom struggle.
Balagangadhar
Tilak was the foremost leader of the Extremists in the congress. He disliked
the methods of the moderates. He believed the methods of the Extremists. He
believed that submitting petitions and waiting for the British Government to
fulfill those demands will be of no use. He wanted the people to force the
Government through mass action. He declared “Swaraj is my birth right, I shall
have it”. He used Ganesha and Shivaji festivals to organize the common people
to instill the spirit of freedom in them. He also published ‘Kesari’ a news
paper in Marathi and Maratha, an English news paper. Through these papers he
called for active participation in the fight for freedom. He was imprisoned for
his revolutionary activities and the articles he wrote.
5)
Explain the role of revolutionaries in the
freedom struggle.
The
revolutionaries dreamt of the totally free India. They strongly believed that
the British could be thrown out the India only by violent means. They started
establishing secret organizations and had their branches in India and abroad.
They collected money, brought weapons and trained their members in armed
struggle. ‘Anusheelana Samithi’ & ‘Abhinav Bharat’ were important
organizations of their kind. They used bombs and fire arms to achieve their
objectives. Many of them were captured and imprisoned. Some of them were even
hanged. But the goal of achieving freedom through armed struggle could not be
realized the revolutionaries. However, they were a powerful source of
inspiration for the national freedom movement. They inspired many Indians by
their courage and the sacrifices they made.
6)
Explain the contributions of Jawaharlal
Nehru after becoming the prime minister.
·
Nehru was the architect of
industrialization of Modern India.
·
Nehru tried to bring together all the
princely states and merge them with Indian union along with sardar Vallaba bhai
patel.
·
Laid foundation for democracy by
recognizing all states on the basis of language.
·
Mixed economy was his contribution to India.
·
He was the pioneer of five year plans.
·
Non-alignment policy regarding foreign
policy is his contribution
·
Panchasheela principles to promote peace
and harmony
7)
What were the reasons for the failure of
the Quite India Movement?
a) The
government took repressive action against congress leaders.
b) Most of
the congress leaders were arrested including Gandhiji.
c) The
congress organization was banned and its offices were sealed.
d) As
there was no leader to guide the movement, the people took law into their hand.
e) The
movement did not remain peaceful.
f) The
Muslim league did not support this movement
8) Give an account of the achievements of
Subhash Chandra Bose in freedom struggle.
The most prominent among the revolutionary
fighters of India was Subhash Chandra Bose
a) Subhash
Chandra Bose travelled to Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other countries
and inspired Indians there to support their motherland.
b) He
played an important role in establishing the congress socialist party with
Nehru in 1934.
c) He was
elected as the president of the congress at the Haripura Session.
d) Though
being a follower of Gandhiji he was also a critic of Gandhiji principles.
e) In 1938
Subhash Chandra Bose got elected as the president of congress in spite of the
opposition from Gandhiji.
f) Subhash
Chandra Bose Joined hands with Ras Bihari Bose who had organized Indian to
fight against British.
g) He gave
the call ‘Delhi Chalo’ & urged the Indians “Give me Blood, I Will give you
freedom”.
h) By
1944, the INA Army entered the Indian Sub-Continent and occupied Kohima &
Imphal.
i)
INA Captured 10,000 Sq miles of Manipur
territory after a battle with British.
j)
It was the first Indian Region liberated
& it was an exciting achievement of INA. Thus Subhash Chandra Bose role is
unforgettable.
9. Describe the
tribal revolt in the Indian Freedom Struggle.
The tax and Forest Act implemented
by the British East India Company provoked the tribal revolt. The Santala
Revolt, the Munda Movement & Halagali Hunters in Karnataka are noteworthy.
The Santal tribal revolt can be
termed India’s first movement. These tribal linked in Bengal and Orissa
hillocks the permanent land system enforced by the British, resulted in the
tribal becoming destitute and were exploited by the landlords, money lenders
and company enraged by this the santala agitated and looted. The landlords and
prominent citizens. The rioters killed their army. The Govt. used to control
the revolt and was successful. The revolt ended, but it sent its voices to many
similar protesters later.
Points
to remember
The Indian National Congress was
established in the year -1885.
The person who talked about the ‘wealth drain’
was – Dadabhai Naorji.
“Swaraj is my birth right, I will get it”
was declared by- Balagangadhar Tilak.
The Ali brother started the movement – Khilafat movement.
Separate nation for Muslims was proposed
by – Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
The Lahore session of the Indian National
Congress that took place in 1929 was presided by- Jawaharlal Nehru.
The person who started “Mahad” and Kalaram
Temle movement was – B R Ambedkar
The Jhansi regiment of INA was headed by captain Lakshmi.
Founder of the Indian National Congress was
– A.O-Hume.
The publisher of the Maratha paper was- Balagangadhar Tilak.
Sawarkar party was established in the year
-1922.
The president of Indian National congress
at Haripur session was – Subhash Chandra
Bose.
The Iron man of India – Sardar Vallababhai Patel
Lord Lytton brought Domestic papers
control Act in 1878.
The first twenty years of the beginning of
congress it called as – Moderate Age
Subhas Chandr Bose was kept under house
arrest in – Calcutta
Gandhiji wrote about his principles in the
news paper – Hind Swaraj
The Indian National congress had its first
session at – Mumbai
The historic Dandi march started from Sabaramati Asharm
The untouchables were called Harijanas by Gandhi.
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